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Quote From Ambrose et. al,  1996

"Brown (1971) stated stream temperature is a function of many factors driven by the principle that the main source of heat for small mountain streams is the solar radiation that directly strikes the stream's surface. Solar energy is the largest component of energy available to warm stream water during the summer period (Chamberlain et al. 1991, in Meehan, ed. 1991). Shade canopy cover facilitates the reduction of solar energy from reaching the creek and also influences relative humidity and local air temperatures. When streamside vegetation is removed, summer water temperatures usually increase in direct proportion to the increase in sunlight that reaches the water surface (Chamberlain et al. 1991, in Meehan, ed. 1991)."

Ambrose, J., D. Hines, D. Hines, D. Lundby, and J. Drew. 1996. Ten Mile River Watershed 1995 Instream Monitoring Results. Volume I. Georgia-Pacific West Inc. Fort Bragg, CA. 84 pp.